ࡱ>  R|bjbjZZ<8h8hX:6xPP!!!8Y|!8taa"7777777$(:<7@72n8"""@R7"7""3"O5u%!5Vs4w78084L= >(O5O5L=>$c5"77!8>P _: SNYV'Yf[f[b TI{f[R zxOs ef[NNW@xՋwS7h Ջeg t^ gb~ IIIIIIIV;`RwS#NI. Reading comprehension: Each passage is followed by 5 questions, and for each of them there are 4 possible answers. Please choose one of the answers as the best choice according to your reading (40%)._RnR40 wSNPassage oneIntheworldofentertainment,TVtalkshowshaveundoubtedlyfloodedeveryinchofspaceondaytimetelevision.Andanyonewhowatchesthemregularlyknowsthateachonevariesinstyleandformat.Butnotwoshowsaremoreprofoundlyoppositeincontent,whileatthesametimestandingoutabovetherest,thantheJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyshows. Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of trash talk. The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the ever-common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society s moral catastrophes (~p), yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments (VX) of other people s lives. Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individuals quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work week, to getting to know your neighbors.Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a final word. He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable.Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The shows main target audiences are middle-class Americans. Most of these people have the time, money, and stability to deal with lifes tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18-to 21-year-olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the shows exploitation.While the two shows are as different as night and day, both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world. 1.ComparedwithotherTVtalkshows,boththeJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyare________. A)morefamily-oriented B)unusuallypopular C)moreprofound D)relativelyformal 2.ThoughthesocialproblemsJerrySpringertalksaboutappeardistasteful,theaudience________. A)remainfascinatedbythem B)arereadytofaceuptothem C)remainindifferenttothem D)arewillingtogetinvolvedinthem 3.WhichofthefollowingislikelytobeatopicoftheOprahWinfreyshow? A)Anewtypeofrobot. B)Racisthatred. C)Familybudgetplanning. D)Streetviolence. 4.Despitetheirdifferentapproaches,thetwotalkshowsareboth________. A)ironical B)sensitive C)instructive D)cynical 5.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthetwotalkshows________. A)havemonopolizedthetalkshowcircuit B)exploittheweaknessesinhumannature C)appearatdifferenttimesoftheday D)aretargetedatdifferentaudiencesPassage twoTo understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on persuasive salesmanship to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.This concept does not imply that business is benevolent (HaUv) or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction-the firm and the customer-and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled!6.Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence, ________. A)thepracticeofturninggoodsintomoney B)makinggoodsavailableforpurchase C)thecustomer-centredapproach D)aformofpersuasivesalesmanship 7.Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwaswidelyaccepted? A)Theneedsofthemarket. B)Theefficiencyofproduction. C)Thesatisfactionoftheuser. D)Thepreferencesofthedealer. 8.Accordingtothepassage, tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible (Lines3-4,Para. 1)means________. A)tosellthelargestpossibleamountofgoods B)totransportgoodsasefficientlyaspossible C)todisposeofthesegoodsinlargequantities D)toredesignthesegoodsforlarge-scaleproduction 9.WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate? A)Traditionalgoodshaveastrongerappealtothemajorityofpeople. B)Ittakestimeforanewproducttobeacceptedbythepublic. C)Consumerswithconservativetastesareoftendifficulttoplease. D)Productsmustbedesignedtosuitthetasteoftheconsumer. 10.Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson________. A)itsmaincharacteristic B)itssocialimpact C)itspossibleconsequence D)itstheoreticalbasisPassage threeConventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy (Q o) and stagnation (FTn). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (Rˆ) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way.Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations.Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators.In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.11.Intheeyesoftheauthor,conventionalopiniononconflictis________. A)wrong B)oversimplified C)misleading D)unclear 12.ProfessorCharlesR.Schwenksresearchshows________. A)theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofconflict B)therealvalueofconflict C)thedifficultyindeterminingtheoptimallevelofconflict D)thecomplexityofdefiningtherolesofconflict 13.WecanlearnfromSchwenksresearchthat________. A)apersonsviewofconflictisinfluencedbythepurposeofhisorganization B)conflictisnecessaryformanagersoffor-profitorganizations C)differentpeopleresolveconflictsindifferentways D)itisimpossibleforpeopletoavoidconflict 14.Thepassagesuggeststhatinfor-profitorganizations________. A)thereisnoendofconflict B)expressionofdifferentopinionsisencouraged C)decisionsmustbejustifiable D)successliesingeneralagreement 15.Peopleworkinginanot-for-profitorganization________. A)seemtobedifficulttosatisfy B)arefreetoexpressdiverseopinions C)arelesseffectiveinmakingdecisions D)finditeasiertoreachagreementPassage fourImagine eating everything delicious you want-with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldnt it?New fake fat products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods. Critics, however, say the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients (%{Qir) and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it s up to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can t be digested at all.Normally, special chemicals in the intestines ()  grab molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids.The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E, and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say its that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids ({|\S }), compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.16.Welearnfromthepassagethatolestraisasubstancethat________. A)containsplentyofnutrients B)rendersfoodscalorie-freewhileretainingtheirvitamins C)makesfoodseasilydigestible D)makesfoodsfat-freewhilekeepingthemdelicious 17.Theresultofthesearchforaneasilydigestiblefatturnedouttobe________. A)commerciallyuseless B)justasanticipated C)somewhatcontroversial D)quiteunexpected 18.Olestraisdifferentfromordinaryfatsinthat________. A)itpassesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingabsorbed B)itfacilitatestheabsorptionofvitaminsbythebody C)ithelpsreducetheincidenceofheartdisease D)itpreventsexcessiveintakeofvitamins 19.Whatisapossiblenegativeeffectofolestraaccordingtosomecritics? A)Itmayimpairthedigestivesystem. B)Itmayaffecttheoverallfatintake. C)Itmayincreasetheriskofcancer. D)Itmayspoiltheconsumersappetite. 20.Whyarenutritionistsconcernedaboutaddingvitaminstoolestra? A)Itmayleadtotheover-consumptionofvitamins. B)Peoplemaybeinducedtoeatmorethanisnecessary. C)Thefunctionoftheintestinesmaybeweakened. D)Itmaytriggeranewwaveoffakefoodproduction.II. 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Please translate the passage into Chinese (25%)._RnR25 wSNEvolving WinesChangyu was founded in 1892 in Yantai, Shandong province, by a veteran Chinese diplomat named Zhang Bishi. The company's name is formed from his surname Zhang (Chang) and the Chinese character that means prosperity.Zhang, a vineyard enthusiast from his wide travels, had big ideas for what was a novelty business in China. By 2011, Changyu Pioneer Wine Company was among the 10 largest wine companies in the world, producing more than 90,000 tons of wine that year. Now a stock-listed corporate giant, the company has holdings in France and Spain, with eyes on other acquisitions.Despite a slump in 2014, China continues to be a fast-growing market for wine, with consumption per capita doubling between 1995 and 2010 to 1.2 liters. That is still 40 times less than consumption in France, where wine drinking is actually declining, so the potential in China is huge.For most of its short life, the Chinese wine market has grown faster than producers could keep up. Commercial giants like Changyu had little need to produce vintages of superior quality when making wine fast and cheap generated quick sales. Graced with European-style chateaux, Changyu vineyards now sprawl across millions of hectares in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region (its biggest operation), Liaoning (where it makes a lauded ice wine) and Shaanxi (with what may be the largest wine cellar in Asia) provinces.However, China's biggest companies took notice when boutique wineries sprang up in Ningxia and created what has become a Napa Valley wannabe, a wine zone that would feed a thirst for quality instead of quantity. When labels like Jia Bei Lan (made by Helan Qingxue) and Pretty Pony (Kanaan) started scooping up international awards and tributes, the value of that effort became plain.IV. Writing (25%)._RnR25 wSNPlease write a short essay on the family planning policy of China with no less than 150 words. 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