ࡱ> RTQ[ R8bjbj8<ΐΐ+,3338kD3D,\W(+++++++$.B1+-+4+++%%h%0wZ,3%+,0D,%B3vB3 %%zB3'(p"++D,B3 : SNYV'Yf[2016t^UxXxvzueQf[ՋՋbuNNef[ yvTyRKmՋQ\O Ջe3\e nR150R hQ萙Q(WT{~ N T{(WՋu NeHe I. Summarize the main points in the following article (in about 200 words) and write a commentary (in about 500 words) on the issue under discussion, relating it to Chinese reality. (70 points)Gregory Currie, a professor of philosophy at the University of Nottingham, recently argued that we ought not to claim that literature improves us as people, because there is no compelling evidence that suggests that people are morally or socially better for reading Tolstoy or other great books.Actually, there is such evidence. Raymond Mar, a psychologist at York University in HYPERLINK "http://topics.time.com/canada/" Canada, and Keith Oatley, a professor emeritus of cognitive psychology at the University of Toronto, reported in studies published in HYPERLINK "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009265660500053X" \t "_blank" 2006and HYPERLINK "http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/comm.2009.34.issue-4/comm.2009.025/comm.2009.025.xml" \t "_blank" 2009that individuals who often read fiction appear to be better able to understand other people, empathize with them and view the world from their perspective. This link persisted even after the researchers factored in the possibility that more empathetic individuals might choose to read more novels. A HYPERLINK "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0885201409000835" \t "_blank" 2010 studyby Mar found a similar result in young children: the more stories they had read to them, the keener their theory of mind, or mental model of other peoples intentions.Deep readingas opposed to the often superficial reading we do on the Webis an endangered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a significant work of art. Its disappearance would imperil the intellectual and emotional development of generations growing up online, as well as the perpetuation of a critical part of our culture: the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be appreciated only by readers whose brains, quite literally, have been trained to apprehend them.Recent research in cognitive science, psychology and neuroscience has demonstrated that deep readingslow, immersive, rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexityis a distinctive experience, different in kind from the mere decoding of words. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, require a conventional book, the built-in limits of the printed page are uniquely conducive to the deep reading experience. A books lack of hyperlinks, for example, frees the reader from making decisionsShould I click on this link or not?allowing him to remain fully immersed in the narrative.That immersion is supported by the way the HYPERLINK "http://topics.time.com/brain/" brainhandles language rich in detail, allusion and metaphor: by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also vigorous exercise for the brain, propelling us inside the heads of fictional characters and even, studies suggest, increasing our real-life capacity for empathy.None of this is likely to happen when were reading online. Although we call the activity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the information-driven reading we do on the Web are very different, both in the experience they produce and in the capacities they develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less engaging and less satisfying, even for the digital natives for whom it is so familiar. For example, Britains National Literacy Trust earlier released the results of a HYPERLINK "http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/media/5371" \t "_blank" studyof 34,910 young people aged 8 to 16. Researchers reported that 39% of children and teens read daily using electronic devices, but only 28% read printed materials every day. Those who read only onscreen were three times less likely to say they enjoy reading very much and a third less likely to have a favorite book. The study also found that young people who read daily only onscreen were nearly two times less likely to be above-average readers than those who read daily in print or both in print and onscreen.To understand why we should be concerned about how young people read, and not just whether theyre reading at all, it helps to know something about the way the ability to read evolved. Human beings were never born to read, notes Maryanne Wolf, director of the Center for Reading and Language Research at Tufts University and author of Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain. Unlike the ability to understand and produce spoken language, which under normal circumstances will unfold according to a program dictated by our genes, the ability to read must be painstakingly acquired by each individual. The deep reader, protected from distractions and attuned to the nuances of language, enters a state that psychologist Victor Nell, in a HYPERLINK "http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/21158813/psychology-reading-pleasure-needs-gratifications" \t "_blank" studyof the psychology of pleasure reading,likens to a hypnotic trance. Nell found that when readers are enjoying the experience the most, the pace of their reading actually slows. The combination of fast, fluent decoding of words and slow, unhurried progress on the page gives deep readers time to enrich their reading with reflection, analysis, and their own memories and opinions. It gives them time to establish an intimate relationship with the author, the two of them engaged in an extended and ardent conversation like people falling in love.This is not reading as many young people are coming to know it. Their reading is pragmatic and instrumental: the difference between what literary critic Frank Kermode HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/books?id=bbASg0FUWdEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Genesis+of+Secrecy:+On+the+Interpretations+of+Narrative&hl=en&sa=X&ei=55ysUfzCI8Ph0gHe5oC4Dg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA" \t "_blank" callscarnal reading and spiritual reading.If we allow our offspring to believe carnal reading is all there isif we dont open the door to spiritual reading, through an early insistence on discipline and practicewe will have cheated them of an enjoyable, even ecstatic experience they would not otherwise encounter. And we will have deprived them of an elevating and enlightening experience that will enlarge them as people. Observing young peoples attachment to digital devices, some progressive educators and permissive parents talk about needing to meet kids where they are, molding instruction around their onscreen habits. This is mistaken. We need, rather, to show them someplace theyve never been, a place only deep reading can take them.II. Write an essay (in about 600 words) on the topic below. Your essay should be clear in structure, logical in reasoning and accurate and appropriate in language. (80 points)TopicLiterature is a nations unique cultural heritage and a passage to understanding the soul of the nation. In your opinion, in what ways are Chinese writers important in cross cultural dialogue between China and the West .08:FNVXlnpꭖjVjD--hJwh5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJo("h^)h5CJOJ\^JaJ&h^)h5CJOJQJ\^JaJ,h^)h5>*CJOJQJ\^JaJo()h^)h5CJOJQJ\^JaJo(-hoIh5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJo(&hoIh5CJ OJPJ\^JaJ &h|5>*CJ OJPJ\^JaJ o()hoIh5>*CJ OJPJ\^JaJ )hoIh5CJ OJPJ\^JaJ o(0n  G H stQRi$gdHdhXD2YD2gdd$~dhWD-XD2YD2`~a$gdJ>$dhXD2YD2a$gdv3pxz   軥}jWjI8)jh2hHCJUaJ h2hHCJOJQJ^JaJh$OCJOJQJ^JaJ$hH5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJ$hd5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJ'hd5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJo('h5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJo(*hJwh5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJ-hJwh5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJo(*hvh5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJ-hvh5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJo( R S *+,0ԽzbzGz/z/jh2hHCJOJQJU^JaJ5jh2hH0J>*B*CJOJQJUaJph/jh2hHCJOJQJU^JaJ)jh2hHCJOJQJU^JaJ h2hHCJOJQJ^JaJ9jh2hH0J>*B*CJOJQJU^JaJph,h2hH0J>*B*CJOJQJaJphjh2hHCJUaJ#jh2hHCJUaJh2hHCJaJ01^_=>?DE+9ӾrcQc4r9jh2hH0J>*B*CJOJQJU^JaJph#jh2hHCJUaJjh2hHCJUaJ#h2hHCJOJQJ^JaJo(,h2hH0J>*B*CJOJQJaJph/jh2hHCJOJQJU^JaJh2hHCJaJ)jh2hHCJOJQJU^JaJ h2hHCJOJQJ^JaJ5jh2hH0J>*B*CJOJQJUaJphHIJOPOP q!ǼǍr`ǼHǍrǼ/j,h2hHCJOJQJU^JaJ#h2hH6CJOJQJ^JaJ5jh2hH0J>*B*CJOJQJUaJph,h2hH0J>*B*CJOJQJaJph/jeh2hHCJOJQJU^JaJh2hHCJaJ)jh2hHCJOJQJU^JaJ h2hHCJOJQJ^JaJ#h2hHCJOJQJ^JaJo(q!r!s!x!y!i$j$k$!%0%1%7%һn[F1F)hphJ>B*CJOJQJ^JaJph)h?hJ>B*CJOJQJ^JaJph$hd5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJ*h2hd5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJh2hHCJaJ h2hHCJOJQJ^JaJ5jh2hH0J>*B*CJOJQJUaJph,h2hH0J>*B*CJOJQJaJph)jh2hHCJOJQJU^JaJ/jgh2hHCJOJQJU^JaJ i$j$k$%!%^8b8d8h8j8n8p8t8v88888$a$gdQidgd dhXD2YD2gddgdH7%9%>%A%d%%%%%%8868Z8\8^8`8b8d8f8h8j8l8n8p8r8t8v8x8z888888888888ثwlfwl hHaJhJ>aJmHnHuhQihHaJjhQihHUaJhQihHaJo(hn.- hn.-^Jjhn.-U^J*h2hdCJOJPJQJ\^JaJo(U)hphJ>B*CJOJQJ^JaJph)h?hJ>B*CJOJQJ^JaJph#hJ>B*CJOJQJ^JaJph(and what role can they play in this endeavour?,{ PAGE 1u qQ NUMPAGES 3u888888*h2hdCJOJPJQJ\^JaJo(hn.-hHhQihHaJo(jhQihHUaJ6182P:pVSp. A!"#$%S DyK yK >http://topics.time.com/canada/DyK yK http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009265660500053XDyK yK http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/comm.2009.34.issue-4/comm.2009.025/comm.2009.025.xmlDyK yK http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0885201409000835DyK yK <http://topics.time.com/brain/DyK yK Vhttp://www.literacytrust.org.uk/media/5371;DyK yK http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/21158813/psychology-reading-pleasure-needs-gratificationsDyK yK lhttp://books.google.com/books?id=bbASg0FUWdEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Genesis+of+Secrecy:+On+the+Interpretations+of+Narrative&hl=en&sa=X&ei=55ysUfzCI8Ph0gHe5oC4Dg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAAj  666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666 666666666666 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662 0@P`p2( 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p8XV~ OJPJQJ_HmH nHsH tHT`T VSpcke$d1$a$$CJKH^J_HaJmH nHsH tH$A $ ؞k=W[SOBiB 0nfh*B*phPK![Content_Types].xmlj0Eжr(΢Iw},-j4 wP-t#bΙ{UTU^hd}㨫)*1P' ^W0)T9<l#$yi};~@(Hu* Dנz/0ǰ $ X3aZ,D0j~3߶b~i>3\`?/[G\!-Rk.sԻ..a濭?PK!֧6 _rels/.relsj0 }Q%v/C/}(h"O = C?hv=Ʌ%[xp{۵_Pѣ<1H0ORBdJE4b$q_6LR7`0̞O,En7Lib/SeеPK!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xml M @}w7c(EbˮCAǠҟ7՛KY,e.|,H,lxɴIsQ}#Ր ֵ+!,^$j=GW)E+& 8PK!mQtheme/theme/theme1.xmlYMoE#F{oc'vGuرhF[x=ޝzvg53NjHHzZ $ʯI)*E_N&IA!>Ǽ3xN>UWL0Č߫߿z}rx{h9T8T/χ?xY'~3S~O_|w)ӈHt=a+d NG1-RlƁ1RJwT蠯M1K"o he˓ێ½PL-|%EhY7'qP.\L=dqķ3Iofi.ñBRb-JP_pG ݢiKtdӌhFio7;7Q2ȾD>a/Q>XW ˔M_uHq)h +:Viw4rBqϫ"r!2laCbU|!8^8>ܠ,AбVt׎~ls14_=,ɬožTV G"ѦbH'.4x޵w-ϷE|F;v`b3"G 'e\fHO '$i_wp >*8i&LY%\,xҕ= r6f 3Tʅ):ªZKLs&C Mܛ0 [˫p@ע`j۽7 YHxHicT5Ar@HZAZC}i' RQ\m,zo,gQu{Y\,Nר/=L _.̇Y7C6-fSh62"5NHT[X65̫4X%Yֳ2fkhi~tCKF#b +w1m|4`!:U!p5a:~{4mmio ήc8mDJpSǹ橠V1?#Si?3E'pS2W`qB]( 08w nA[s)k8= Aa?R dڒɾcUӽ˲d)#Queb}C!&i0>4S7{z F} 4sKvUKoȳh~1jYUVH5U8Vk;֜L9ŰD ?*|FL"A3>g]dm2iVֵ褽mg X< +++.p 0q!7%88i$8R+0^ > D IOOrxXXXXXXXXX%'.!@  @H 0(   0(   B S  ?v+w+YYB*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplace @!t '+36=@EY !++--..0134678BCDESTVYPT*++--..013467VY3333++--..0134678BESTVYB*i*;8}z]d"Ef@B*tlF9 ^`OJQJo( 8^8`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o  p^ `OJQJo(  @ ^ `OJQJo( x^x`OJQJo( H^H`OJQJo(o ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(^`^J.^`^J.pp^p`^J.@ @ ^@ `^J.^`^J.^`^J.^`^J.^`^J.PP^P`^J.^`^J.^`^J.pp^p`^J.@ @ ^@ `^J.^`^J.^`^J.^`^J.^`^J.PP^P`^J.^`^J.^`^J.pp^p`^J.@ @ ^@ `^J.^`^J.^`^J.^`^J.^`^J.PP^P`^J.^`^J.^`^J.pp^p`^J.@ @ ^@ `^J.^`^J.^`^J.^`^J.^`^J.PP^P`^J.B*i*d"E8B*t+{@rs)g 0 W EL'wCk%->[Jw %.$r&V@'g(})`H*e*5,WL,n.-/\,0T0m1"1 =23v36]h7h^8j8,6:K:4;e=#?BG?.{?)@lAONBeCD-DE,FtGL~GoIq,JKJfyJMLB}-2lYQ=2n^)?nL$QW>BWu]:bdJ>1><HL{!/^Qi<*5KvDh$U/7HjtU1aJ_ :9S&dZ?=sc )$[SUj(Yd|c-W2RFLgwE'^jA,e(NVv2z>#IN&5[-n+-@****(X@8Unknown G* Times New Roman5Symbol3. * Arial;ўSOSimHei;[SOSimSun7K@Cambria7.{ @Calibri;Wingdings?=* Courier NewA BCambria Math 1hB&GB&G Z4Z4?!%),.:;>?]}    & 0 2 3 : !6"000 0 00000006:>@DZ\^ =@\]^$([{  0 0 000000Y[];[3QH $Pvt2! xxOver the last few years, one proposition has come to dominate the development policies of the United States and other major development donors: poverty reduction is best achieved through equitable and sustainable economic growth***User      Oh+'0L     ,4<DOver the last few years, one proposition has come to dominate the development policies of the United States and other major development donors: poverty reduction is best achieved through equitable and sustainable economic growth*** Normal.dotmUser2Microsoft Office Word@F#@'K@nS,@nS,Z՜.+,D՜.+, X`lt| .4  8@ _PID_HLINKSAl0^http://books.google.com/books?id=bbASg0FUWdEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Genesis+of+Secrecy:+On+the+Interpretations+of+Narrative&hl=en&sa=X&ei=55ysUfzCI8Ph0gHe5oC4Dg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAAPehttp://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/21158813/psychology-reading-pleasure-needs-gratifications6$+http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/media/5371 http://topics.time.com/brain/r) Chttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0885201409000835Uhttp://www.degruyter.com/view/j/comm.2009.34.issue-4/comm.2009.025/comm.2009.025.xmlpmChttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009265660500053Xj&http://topics.time.com/canada/  !"#$%&()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@BCDEFGHJKLMNOPSRoot Entry F^Z,UData 1Table'b3WordDocument8<SummaryInformation(ADocumentSummaryInformation8ICompObju  F#Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 ĵ MSWordDocWord.Document.89q